EL SISTEMA DEL TRATADO ANTÁRTICO Y LA CUESTIÓN DE LA SOBERANÍA: ¿ES REALMENTE UN PROBLEMA LA AMBIGÜEDAD DEL ARTÍCULO IV?
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Resumo
Frecuentemente se critica al artículo IV del Tratado Antártico por su ambigüedad respecto de la soberanía en el Continente, ya que evita en vez de resolver el problema. Entonces, dado que la soberanía territorial implica acceso exclusivo a los recursos naturales y sus beneficios, se suele argüir que esta ambigüedad dará paso a conflictos en el futuro, en la medida que la tecnología permita explotar recursos que hoy son de difícil acceso.
Lo que esta visión suele pasar por alto, no obstante, es que la ambigüedad fue el mecanismo que encontraron las partes originales del Tratado Antártico para acordar un régimen de gobernanza, a pesar de las diferencias irreconciliables en esta materia. Este ensayo busca reivindicar el rol de la ambigüedad del artículo IV, puesto que ha logrado con éxito fomentar relaciones de cooperación entre Estados rivales. Si bien el pasado no tiene por qué ser un predictor del futuro, tampoco existen razones fundadas para deducir que el tratado no será capaz de resolver las diferencias que pudiesen surgir.
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Zambrano Ramirez, P. (2021). EL SISTEMA DEL TRATADO ANTÁRTICO Y LA CUESTIÓN DE LA SOBERANÍA: ¿ES REALMENTE UN PROBLEMA LA AMBIGÜEDAD DEL ARTÍCULO IV?. Cuaderno De Trabajo, (13), 1-18. Recuperado de https://www.publicacionesanepe.cl/index.php/cdt/article/view/898
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TURCHETTI, Simone, NAYLOR, Simon, DEAN, Katrina and SIEGERT, Martin. 2008. On thick ice: scientific internationalism and Antarctic affairs, 1957–1980. History and Technology, 24(4), 351-376.
UKAHT, UK Antarctic Heritage Trust. 2018. Key Dates Timeline. Disponible en http://www.ukaht.org/ learn/key-dates-timeline/; consultado última vez: 14 septiembre 2018
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ZUMBERGE, James H. 1979. Mineral Resources and Geopolitics in Antarctica: The physical obstacles to exploitation of mineral resources in Antarctica are currently prohibitive, but complex political issues will be raised if such exploitation becomes profitable. American Scientist, 67(1), 68-77.
BEEBY, Christopher D. 1991. The Antarctic Treaty System: goals, performance and impact, In Arnfinn JØRGENSEN-DAHL AND Willy ØSTRENG eds. The Antarctic Treaty System in world politics. Springer, 1991, p. 4-21.
BERGUÑO, Jorge 2009. The intellectual sources of the Antarctic Treaty. In Proceedings of the 2nd Scar Workshop on the History of Antarctic Research, Santiago, Chile, 21-22 Septiembre 2009, José RETAMALES ed. Instituto Chileno Antártico.
BERKMAN, Paul Arthur, LANG,Michael A., WALTON, David W. AND YOUNG, Oran R. 2011. Science Diplomacy. In. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press.
BRAY, Daniel. 2016. The geopolitics of Antarctic governance: sovereignty and strategic denial in Australia’s Antarctic policy. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 70(3), 256-274.
CARVALLO, María Luisa. 2013. Chile en la Antártida. Boletín del Centro Naval, 836(Mayo/Agosto 2013).
COATES, Ashley. En The Independent, Geopolitics threatens Antarctica’s future as a peaceful hub for science, 2017. Publicado Originalmente en 29 Marzo 2017. Disponible en https://www.independent. co.uk/news/science/geopolitics-threats-antarctica-future-as-peaceful-hub-for-science-oild-mining- land-grab-territorial-a7622721.html
CONELLY, Charlotte. En The Guardian, How Antarctica became home to a new kind of scientific diplomacy, 2017. Publicado Originalmente en 1 Julio 2017. Disponible en https://www.theguardian. com/science/blog/2017/jul/01/how-antarctica-became-home-to-a-new-kind-of-scientific-diplomacy
ELZINGA, Aant 2006. Geopolitics, science and internationalism during and after IGY. In Proceedings of the 2nd Scar Workshop on the History of Antarctic Research, Santiago, Chile, 21-22 Septiembre 2006, José RETAMALES ed. Instituto Chileno Antártico.
FAJARDO, Marco. En El Mostrador, Chile analiza inversión por US$70 millones para reforzar presencia en la Antártica en medio de creciente interés mundial, 2018. Publicado Originalmente en 11 Julio 2018. Disponible en http://www.elmostrador.cl/cultura/2018/07/11/chile-analiza-inversion- por-us70-millones-para-reforzar-presencia-en-la-antartica-en-medio-de-creciente-interes-mundial/
FERRADA, Luis Valentín. 2018. Five factors that will decide the future of Antarctica. The Polar Journal, 8(1), 84-109.
GAN, Irina 2006. The Soviet preparation for the IGY Antarctic program and the Australian response: politics and science. In Proceedings of the 2nd Scar Workshop on the History of Antarctic Research, Santiago, Chile, 21-22 Septiembre 2006, José RETAMALES ed. Instituto Chileno Antártico.
GOLDIE, LFE. 1958. International Relations in Antarctica. The Australian Quarterly, 30(1), 7-29.
GOLITSYN, Vladimir. 2011. Balancing sovereign interests beyond national jurisdictions, In BERKMAN, Paul Arthur, LANG, Michael A., WALTON, David W. AND YOUNG, Oran R. eds. Science Diplomacy. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, 2011.
HEMMINGS, Alan D. 2011. Why did we get an international space station before an international Antarctic station? The Polar Journal, 1(1), 5-16.
HOWKINS, Adrian 2009. Chilean Antarctic Science, 1946/59. In Proceedings of the 2nd Scar Workshop on the History of Antarctic Research, Santiago, Chile, 21-22 Septiembre 2009, José RETAMALES ed. Instituto Chileno Antártico.
HOWKINS, Adrian. 2017. Frozen Empires: An Environmental History of the Antarctic Peninsula. Edtion ed. New York, US: Oxford University Press.
JABOUR, Julia and WEBER, Melissa. 2008. Is it time to cut the gordian knot of polar sovereignty? Review of European Community & International Environmental Law, 17(1), 27-40.
JARA, Mauricio 2006. India and Antarctica in 1956. In Proceedings of the 2nd Scar Workshop on the History of Antarctic Research, Santiago, Chile, 21-22 Septiembre 2006, José RETAMALES ed. Instituto Chileno Antártico.
JOYNER, Christopher C and THEIS, Ethel R. 1997. Eagle over the ice: the US in the Antarctic. Edtion ed. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.
KEANE, John. 2015. Antarctica: Notes on the fate of sovereignty. Aurora Journal, 35(1).
LEE, Martin Lishexian. 2000. The 1959 Antarctic Treaty-The Freezing and Bifocalism Formula. Austl. Int’l LJ, 200.
NAYLOR, Simon, SIEGERT, Martin, DEAN, Katrina and TURCHETTI, Simone. 2008. Science, geopolitics and the governance of Antarctica. Nature Geoscience, 1(3), 143.
ORREGO Vicuña, Francisco. 1994. Derecho internacional de la Antártida. Edtion ed.: Dolmen. ISBN 9562012344.
SCOTT, Karen N. 2010. Managing sovereignty and jurisdictional disputes in the Antarctic: The next fifty years. Yearbook of International Environmental Law, 20(1), 3-40.
SCOTT, Shirley V. 2011. Ingenious and innocuous? Article IV of the Antarctic Treaty as imperialism. The Polar Journal, 1(1), 51-62.
SCULLY, Tucker. 2011. The development of the Antarctic Treaty system, In Paul Arthur BERKMAN, Michael A. LANG, David W. WALTON AND Oran R. YOUNG eds. Science Diplomacy. Washington, US: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, 2011.
SHAW, Malcolm N. 2003. International Law Edtion ed. New York, US: Cambridge University Press.
SHUSTERICH, Kurt M. 1984. The Antarctic Treaty System: history, substance, and speculation. International Journal, 39(4), 800-827.
STA, Secretaría del Tratado Antártico. 1961. El Tratado Antártico. Disponible en http://www.ats.aq/s/ ats.htm; actualizado última vez: 2011; consultado última vez: 22 Abril 2017
STA, Secretaría del Tratado Antártico. 1972. Convención para la Conservación de las Focas Antárticas. In Secretaría del Tratado Antártico STA.
STA, Secretaría del Tratado Antártico. 1980. Acuerdos Conexos. Disponible en https://www.ats.aq/s/ ats_related.htm; consultado última vez: 28 septiembre 2018
TRIGGS, Gillian. 1985. The Antarctic Treaty Regime: A Workable Compromise or a Purgatory of Ambiguity. Case W. Res. J. Int’l L., 17, 195.
TRIGGS, Gillian. 2011. The Antarctic Treaty System: A model of legal creativity and cooperation, In Paul Arthur BERKMAN, Michael A. LANG, David W. WALTON AND Oran R. YOUNG eds. Science Diplomacy. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, 2011.
TURCHETTI, Simone, NAYLOR, Simon, DEAN, Katrina and SIEGERT, Martin. 2008. On thick ice: scientific internationalism and Antarctic affairs, 1957–1980. History and Technology, 24(4), 351-376.
UKAHT, UK Antarctic Heritage Trust. 2018. Key Dates Timeline. Disponible en http://www.ukaht.org/ learn/key-dates-timeline/; consultado última vez: 14 septiembre 2018
UN, General Assembly. 1962. Permanent sovereignty over natural resources. In United NATIONS. 1803 (XVII). New York: Codification Division, Office of Legal Affairs.
ZUMBERGE, James H. 1979. Mineral Resources and Geopolitics in Antarctica: The physical obstacles to exploitation of mineral resources in Antarctica are currently prohibitive, but complex political issues will be raised if such exploitation becomes profitable. American Scientist, 67(1), 68-77.